Hard & Soft Credit Inquiries: What They Are And Why They Matter

A hard inquiry may impact your credit scores and stay on your credit reports for about two years. By contrast, soft credit inquiries won’t affect your scores.

Your pie is divided into slices, each of which represents a different factor that goes into your credit scores. One large slice is your open credit card utilization rate, another is your percentage of on-time payments, another is the length of your credit history and yet another is the number of derogatory marks on your credit reports.

And then there’s a tiny slice that represents your hard credit inquiries. Every time you apply for more credit, you take a small bite out of this slice. But what exactly is a hard inquiry, and how much of an effect does it really have on your credit?

Let’s start with the basics.

What is a hard inquiry?

Hard inquiries (also known as “hard pulls”) generally occur when a financial institution, such as a lender or credit card issuer, checks your credit when making a lending decision. They commonly take place when you apply for a mortgage, loan or credit card, and you typically have to authorize them.

A hard inquiry could lower your scores by a few points, or it may have a negligible effect on your scores. In most cases, a single hard inquiry is unlikely to play a huge role in whether you’re approved for a new card or loan. And the damage to your credit scores usually decreases or disappears even before the inquiry drops off your credit reports for good.

Common Question

How long will a hard inquiry stay on my credit reports?

Generally speaking, hard inquires stay on your credit reports for about two years.

That doesn’t sound so bad, but you may want to think twice before applying for a handful of credit cards at the same time — or even within the span of a few months. Multiple hard inquiries in a short period could lead lenders and credit card issuers to consider you a higher-risk customer, as it suggests you may be short on cash or getting ready to rack up a lot of debt. So consider spreading out your credit card applications.

What is a soft inquiry?

Soft inquiries (also known as “soft pulls”) typically occur when a person or company checks your credit as part of a background check. This may occur, for example, when a credit card issuer checks your credit without your permission to see if you qualify for certain credit card offers. Your employer might also run a soft inquiry before hiring you.

Unlike hard inquiries, soft inquiries won’t affect your credit scores. (They may or may not be recorded in your credit reports, depending on the credit bureau.) Since soft inquiries aren’t connected to a specific application for new credit, they’re only visible to you when you view your credit reports.

Common Question

Will checking my own credit scores result in a hard inquiry?

No. This is reported as a soft inquiry, so it won’t lower your scores. You can check your VantageScore 3.0 credit scores from two major credit bureaus, TransUnion and Equifax, for free at Credit Karma as often as you like without affecting your credit scores.

Examples of hard and soft credit inquiries

The difference between a hard and soft inquiry generally boils down to whether you gave the lender permission to check your credit. If you did, it may be reported as a hard inquiry. If you didn’t, it should be reported as a soft inquiry.

Let’s look at some examples of when a hard inquiry or a soft inquiry might be placed on your credit reports. Note: The following lists are not exhaustive and should be treated as a general guide.

Common hard inquiries

• Mortgage applications

• Auto loan applications

• Credit card applications

• Student loan applications

• Personal loan applications

• Apartment rental applications

Common soft inquiries

• Checking your credit score on Credit Karma

• “Pre-qualified” credit card offers

• “Pre-qualified” insurance quotes

• Employment verification (i.e. background check)

Keep in mind, there are other types of credit checks that could show up as either a hard or soft inquiry. For example, utility, cable, internet and cellphone providers will often check your credit.

If you’re unsure how a particular inquiry will be classified, ask the company, credit card issuer or financial institution involved to distinguish whether it’s a hard or soft credit inquiry.

How to dispute hard credit inquiries

We recommend checking your credit reports often. If you spot any errors, such as a hard inquiry that occurred without your permission, consider disputing it with the credit bureau. You may also contact the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) for further assistance.

This could be a sign of identity theft according to Experian, one of the three major credit bureaus. At the very least, you’ll want to look into it and understand what’s going on.

Keep in mind, you can only dispute hard inquiries that occur without your permission. If you’ve authorized a hard inquiry, it generally takes two years to fall off your credit reports.

How to minimize the impact of hard credit inquiries

When you’re buying a home or car, don’t let a fear of racking up multiple hard inquiries stop you from shopping for the lowest interest rates.

FICO gives you a 30-day grace period before certain loan inquiries are reflected in your FICO® credit scores. And FICO may record multiple inquires for the same type of loan as a single inquiry as long as they’re made within a certain window. For FICO scores calculated from older versions of the scoring formula, this window is 14 days; for FICO scores calculated from the newest versions of the scoring formula, it’s 45 days.

Similarly, the VantageScore model gives you a rolling two-week window to shop for the best interest rates for certain loans. “That way, they only impact your credit score once,” the company says.

Bottom line

Your credit scores play a big role in your financial well-being. Before applying for credit, take time to build your credit scores. With stronger credit, you may improve your chances of being approved for the financial products you want at the best possible terms and rates.

To help you keep track of hard inquiries that may influence your credit scores, check your credit report from TransUnion at Credit Karma. While one hard inquiry may knock a few points off your scores, multiple inquiries in a short amount of time may cause more damage.

What Is An Interest Only Mortgage?

In an interest only mortgage, the borrower covers interest on payments for a specific period of time, paying the cost of borrowing money up front, while the principal remains unchanged. This allows for reduced monthly mortgage payments early in the loan term. An interest only home loan can offer flexibility to buy a more expensive home than a borrower initially qualifies to buy. They can also be a great way to lower payments so you can divert your cash flow toward retirement, college tuition or a rainy day fund.

In traditional mortgages, payments are applied to both interest and principal. Through amortization the balance of the loan decreases over the term of the loan. Interest only mortgages are structured differently: The most common version pushes back the amortization schedule, usually 5 to 10 years, while the borrower pays interest only. The other type lasts the duration of the loan, with an agreement principal that will be settled with one balloon payment at the end of the term.

While initial payments as part of an interest only mortgage are lower, borrowers should be aware that over the life of the loan they are more expensive than traditional mortgages. Interest only loans can also be subject to adjustable interest rates. Negative amortization, a feature where missed interest payments are applied to the principal balance, is also a risk inherent to interest only loans. Keep reading to learn more and explore the circumstances that make the most sense to purse an interest only loan.

Is an interest only mortgage right for you?

Here are five questions to help you determine whether an interest only mortgage is the perfect match:

• Are you confident your income will grow in the future, but want to purchase high-value real estate now?

• Are you more interested in lower monthly mortgage payments than building home equity?

• Are you looking to invest your money in something other than your home?

• Are you fine with the prospect of your monthly mortgage payment going up when the interest-only term ends?

• Do you own investment homes and rent them out?

If you answered “YES” to any of these questions, an interest only mortgage might be your best bet! A word of consideration—while interest only home loans offer low monthly payments during the initial term of your loan, your monthly payments will rise after this term ends to cover the principal. If you don’t expect your income to increase in the foreseeable future or if you’re unsure you’ll be able to make the larger payments later on, a 15 or 30-year fixed rate mortgage could be a better fit. In addition, it may be more difficult to refinance your mortgage if your home value doesn’t increase during the lifetime of your loan. Those buying a home for the first time may find interest-only mortgages particularly beneficial. For new homeowners, who are unaccustomed to the higher cost of mortgage payments and the other costs of maintaining a home, the first years of home ownership can be particularly challenging. In many cases, you are buying a house you expect to pay off years down the line, when you are more established and may be making more money, thus the initial costs may seem daunting. If a water heater suddenly needs replacing or a roof suddenly needs to be fixed, the option to exercise an interest only mortgage at that time can come in handy, as long as you are able to cover the higher monthly payments later on.If your income is subject to fluctuation either because of freelance work or commissions and bonuses, rather than a typical flat salary, an interest-only mortgage can be similarly beneficial. Pay interest-only payments during leaner months and years with the anticipation of paying more later on. Risks of interest only payments. Making a smaller monthly payment for a period of time, with the anticipation that you’ll have the money to make larger payments down the line, always carries a risk. The total balance of what is owed on your mortgage is not changing, thus if your financial circumstances do change you may find monthly payments more difficult down the line. Additionally, the housing market can be fickle and the property purchased may fail to appreciate in value. Even if the value remains much the same, if the borrower has negative amortization you may wind up owing more on the mortgage than the actual value of the house making it difficult to make a profit on the house when and if they decide to sell. How much is an interest only payment?

When considering an interest only mortgage, do the math to figure out if you're able to handle the amount of the monthly payment. Figuring out the monthly interest only payment on your mortgage is easy. Say that the unpaid loan balance on your property is $400,000 with an interest rate of 7%. Multiply those numbers together for an annual interest of $28,000. Divide that number by 12 months and you can find your monthly interest payment: $2,333. Keep in mind that after the interest-only period, your payments will increase as you begin to pay back the loan principal.